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India Faces Water Scarcity Crisis with 1,000 m3 Per Capita by 2050, Jal Jeevan Mission Targets Universal Access Amidst Gender Disparities

Target:UPSC GS-IIIMPSCTeachingSSC GAPrelims HighMains HighStatic GK Link
03 Apr 2026
~2 min
Source: Indian Express
Key Data:18% population, 4% freshwater1,000 cubic metres scarcity threshold95% household basic water access71% rural women fetch water600 million face water crisis
Bodies:NITI AayogUnited Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH)World BankUNICEF
Practice MCQs from today's news ▸
What This Article Covers

1.India's water crisis is quantified by NITI Aayog's CWMI report and the UNU-INWEH's 'Global Water Bankruptcy' report, highlighting severe scarcity thresholds and gendered impacts.

2.Access to water is not just infrastructural but deeply socio-economic; Jal Jeevan Mission has increased basic water access to 95% of households, yet functionality and rural-urban disparities persist.

3.Examiners will focus on linking water scarcity to gender inequality, evaluating flagship missions, and analyzing community-led initiatives like jal sahelis within frameworks of environmental governance and social justice.

The Big Picture
Prelims · HighMains · High

India, with 18% of global population but only 4% of freshwater, is heading towards severe water scarcity (<1,000 m3 per capita by 2050). The crisis reveals stark gender inequalities, with women bearing the primary burden of water collection, impacting health, education, and economic productivity. While schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission have improved access, systemic governance reforms addressing gender and equity are critical for sustainable solutions.

Exam Lens

Quick Exam Facts From News

India's Global Water Share18% population, 4% freshwater
Per Capita Water Scarcity Threshold1,000 cubic metres
NITI Aayog CWMI Report Year2019
NFHS-5: Women Fetching Water71% of rural households
Current Access to Basic Drinking Water95% of Indian households

1-Minute Revision

  • ›India's Global Water Share: 18% population, 4% freshwater
  • ›Per Capita Water Scarcity Threshold: 1,000 cubic metres
  • ›Target this Data: India has 18% of world population but only 4% of freshwater.
  • ›Target this Nodal Body: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH) released the 'Global Water Bankruptcy' report.
  • ›Target this Scheme: Jal Jeevan Mission aims for functional household tap water connections.

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Practice exam-style questions, track your score, and strengthen your recall.

Q1Static LinkageEasy

Which government think tank released the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report cited in the article?

Q2Statement-basedHard

Consider the following statements regarding the water crisis in India:

1. According to the article, India holds 18% of the world’s population but only 4% of its freshwater resources.

2. The NITI Aayog's Composite Water Management Index report states that over 95% of Indian households now have access to functional tap water connections.

3. The World Bank defines water scarcity as a situation when annual per capita water availability drops below 1,000 cubic metres.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q3Data-centricMedium

According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) data mentioned in the article, what percentage of rural households in India have women aged 15 and above responsible for water collection?

Q4Application/ImpactMedium

What is a primary reason highlighted in the article for the need for gender-responsive water governance in India?

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