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ULLAS, Saakshar Bharat, NEP 2020: Why India's Adult Literacy Schemes Keep Failing

Target:UPSC GS-IMPSCTeachingSSC GAPrelims HighMains HighStatic GK Link
16 Jul 2026
~2 min
Source: The Hindu
Key Data:80.9% overall literacy (7+)69.3% adult literacy (15+)50.6% rural women literacy83.54 lakh adults certified (Rajasthan)30,573 adults certified (Punjab)98.2% literacy (Mizoram)
Bodies:Ministry of EducationNITI AayogNIOSKerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP)UNESCO
Practice MCQs from today's news ▸
What This Article Covers

1.India's adult literacy rate (15+) is 69.3% (2011 Census), with rural women at 50.6%, while overall literacy (7+) is 80.9% (PLFS 2023-24).

2.ULLAS (2022) replaced Saakshar Bharat (2009-2018) but relies on a national portal, mobile app, and unpaid volunteers, missing the most excluded adults.

3.Mizoram achieved 98.2% literacy under ULLAS by using door-to-door identification and named accountability, while Punjab certified only 30,573 adults under Saakshar Bharat.

The Big Picture
Prelims · HighMains · High

India's adult literacy programmes have been relaunched five times in five decades (NAEP 1978, NLM 1988, Saakshar Bharat 2009, ULLAS 2022) without resolving structural failures. The article uses state-level data (Punjab vs Mizoram vs Rajasthan) and historical campaigns (Ernakulam, Pudukkottai) to argue that success depends on treating literacy as a social project with named accountability, not as an administrative target.

Exam Lens

Quick Exam Facts From News

Overall Literacy (7+)80.9% (PLFS 2023-24)
Adult Literacy (15+)69.3% (2011 Census)
Rural Women Literacy50.6% (2011 Census)
ULLAS Target GroupAdults 15+ who could not complete formal schooling
Saakshar Bharat: Rajasthan certified83.54 lakh adults
Saakshar Bharat: Punjab certified30,573 adults (2nd worst nationally)
Mizoram literacy rate (ULLAS)98.2%
NEP 2020 target100% youth and adult literacy by 2030
ULLAS certifications since 2022Over 1 crore adults

1-Minute Revision

  • ›Overall Literacy (7+): 80.9% (PLFS 2023-24)
  • ›Adult Literacy (15+): 69.3% (2011 Census)
  • ›Target this Data: Adult literacy rate (15+) = 69.3% (2011 Census); Rural women literacy = 50.6%; Overall literacy (7+) = 80.9% (PLFS 2023-24)
  • ›Target this Nodal Body: Ministry of Education (ULLAS is a central scheme under MoE)
  • ›Target this Legal Point: NEP 2020 target of 100% youth and adult literacy by 2030

Mastered this topic? Test your knowledge with a full MCQ quiz.

Practice exam-style questions, track your score, and strengthen your recall.

Q1Static LinkageEasy

Which ministry is primarily responsible for implementing the ULLAS (Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society) programme?

Q2Statement-basedHard

Consider the following statements regarding India's adult literacy programmes:

1. The National Adult Education Programme (NAEP) was launched in 1978, followed by the National Literacy Mission in 1988.

2. Under Saakshar Bharat (2009-2018), Punjab certified more adults than Rajasthan.

3. Mizoram achieved a literacy rate of 98.2% under the ULLAS framework by using door-to-door identification and named accountability.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q3Data-centricMedium

According to the article, what was India's adult literacy rate for persons aged fifteen and above as per the 2011 Census?

Q4Application/ImpactMedium

What is the primary reason the article identifies for the failure of India's adult literacy programmes despite repeated relaunches?

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