India's adult literacy programmes have been relaunched five times in five decades (NAEP 1978, NLM 1988, Saakshar Bharat 2009, ULLAS 2022) without resolving structural failures. The article uses state-level data (Punjab vs Mizoram vs Rajasthan) and historical campaigns (Ernakulam, Pudukkottai) to argue that success depends on treating literacy as a social project with named accountability, not as an administrative target.
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- ›Overall Literacy (7+): 80.9% (PLFS 2023-24)
- ›Adult Literacy (15+): 69.3% (2011 Census)
- ›Target this Data: Adult literacy rate (15+) = 69.3% (2011 Census); Rural women literacy = 50.6%; Overall literacy (7+) = 80.9% (PLFS 2023-24)
- ›Target this Nodal Body: Ministry of Education (ULLAS is a central scheme under MoE)
- ›Target this Legal Point: NEP 2020 target of 100% youth and adult literacy by 2030
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