The Supreme Court has refined its stance on DNA testing for paternity disputes, now requiring courts to apply a necessity and proportionality test post-Puttaswamy. DNA tests can only be ordered as a last resort when no other evidence can resolve the dispute, balancing the pursuit of truth with the fundamental right to privacy under Article 21.
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- ›Landmark Case (DNA as routine): Goutam Kundu (1993)
- ›Right to Privacy Case: K.S. Puttaswamy (2017)
- ›Target this Data: Goutam Kundu (1993) - first case on DNA evidence; K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) - right to privacy as fundamental right.
- ›Target this Nodal Body: Supreme Court of India (judicial body).
- ›Target this Legal Point: Article 21 - right to privacy including genetic data; threefold test of legality, legitimate aims, proportionality.
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