01
Context / Background: Dengue Burden in India
India accounts for nearly one-third of the global dengue burden, with cases increasing 11-fold over the past two decades. The disease is mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus), has a seasonal pattern (July-November, peak after monsoon), and mosquitoes cannot breed below 16 degrees Celsius. The approval of Qdenga fills a critical public health gap.
02
Core Analysis: Qdenga Vaccine Specifications
Qdenga is a live attenuated vaccine developed by Takeda (Japan), approved in 43 countries with 32+ million doses distributed. It protects against all four dengue serotypes, is administered subcutaneously in two 0.5 mL doses three months apart, and has WHO prequalification. Unlike earlier vaccines, it requires no pre-vaccination testing for prior dengue exposure.
03
Context / Background: Tax Treaty Abuse and PPT
Treaty shopping allows entities to route investments through jurisdictions with favorable tax treaties to avoid taxes. India amended its DTAA with Sri Lanka to include the Principal Purpose Test (PPT), an anti-avoidance tool under the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Provisions to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (MLI), which entered into force for India on October 1, 2019.
04
Core Analysis: PPT Mechanism and Implications
PPT empowers tax authorities to examine the commercial intent behind investment structures and deny treaty benefits if obtaining a tax advantage is one of the principal purposes, unless the arrangement aligns with the treaty's object and purpose. This ensures DTAAs apply only to bona fide exchange of goods, services, capital, and persons, curbing revenue leakage.
05
Context / Background: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
POPs are hazardous carbon-based manmade chemicals that resist degradation, accumulate in food chains (bioaccumulation), travel long distances via air, water, and soil, and are toxic to humans and wildlife. The Stockholm Convention regulates POPs. Common POPs include organochlorine pesticides (DDT), PCBs, dioxins (PCDD), and furans (PCDF).
06
Core Analysis: GCMP and its Significance
The US$ 23.5 million Global Chemicals Monitoring Programme (GCMP) by UNEP and GEF will monitor the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention (POPs) and Minamata Convention (Mercury). It aims to track environmental and human exposure levels, supporting global compliance and policy adjustments. POPs are also endocrine disruptors, causing cancer, reproductive disorders, and immune system damage.