22 July 2026, Questions & Answers

Explanation

The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, through its Department of Commerce, handles all trade negotiations, including FTAs and comprehensive economic agreements. While the Ministry of External Affairs provides diplomatic support, the lead role rests with Commerce and Industry.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: 99% of Indian exports get zero duty. Statement 2 is false: electric vehicles are subject to tariff-rate quotas with phased tariff reduction, not immediate zero tariffs. Statement 3 is correct: the agreement expands access for services providers and includes mobility provisions, which often involve mutual recognition of qualifications.

Explanation

The article explicitly states: 'Both countries have further set a target of doubling bilateral trade to over $100 billion by 2030.' The other options are plausible distractors but do not match the given data.

Explanation

The article highlights that CETA aims to 'reshape trade and investment flows, create quality jobs and growth, and transition India to a more competitive and innovation-driven economy.' It supports Atmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India, and Digital India schemes. Option A is not mentioned; Option C is too absolute; Option D is a partial motive but not the primary objective as per the article.

Explanation

The Election Commission of India is the constitutional body responsible for conducting elections and maintaining electoral rolls. The SIR is a process carried out by the ECI to update voter lists. The Supreme Court issued notices to the ECI in this case.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: SC reiterated that SIR outcomes are linked only to electoral purposes. Statement 2 is correct: WB government orders linked removal to Annapurna Yojana and PDS. Statement 3 is incorrect: SC explicitly stated that exclusion from electoral roll cannot by itself determine citizenship status.

Explanation

The article states 'Approximately 34 lakh appeals have been filed against SIR outcomes in West Bengal'. The other options are distractors not mentioned in the article.

Explanation

The Supreme Court in its Bihar SIR judgment clearly stated that SIR outcomes are linked only to electoral purposes. The other options are incorrect because the Court barred using SIR outcomes for citizenship determination, welfare linkage, or caste certificate cancellation.

Explanation

As per the article, the agreement is expected to be sent to Congress for review in the coming days. The US Congress has the constitutional authority to review and approve major international agreements, including nuclear deals, especially those involving non-proliferation concerns.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the article states the agreement is set to run for 30 years and is estimated to be worth tens of billions of dollars. Statement 2 is incorrect because the enrichment plant would only be built if a joint US-Saudi review concludes it is justified. Statement 3 is correct as the deal is designed to shut out other foreign competitors.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the agreement is set to run for 30 years. The other options are close distractors but not mentioned in the article.

Explanation

The article states the deal is likely to face opposition from lawmakers worried about expanding nuclear capabilities in an already unstable Middle East. The concern is that Saudi Arabia's nuclear programme, especially the enrichment plant, could be used to develop weapons, increasing proliferation risks.

Explanation

Article 22(1) of the Constitution states that no person who is arrested shall be denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which the Supreme Court has interpreted to include the right to a fair trial. Article 20(3) protects against self-incrimination, and Article 14 guarantees equality before law.

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because the Supreme Court explicitly stated that its order was based on lack of fairness and procedural propriety, and it had not gone into the merits of the case. Statement 2 is correct as the Court directed a retrial within one year by a specialized fast-track court. Statement 3 is correct as the Court quoted this canonical maxim of criminal jurisprudence.

Explanation

The article states that the blast on May 22, 1996, killed 14 people and injured 37. Option A (13) is the number of people killed in the Lajpat Nagar blast in Delhi that occurred a day before. Option D (37) is the number of injured.

Explanation

The Supreme Court found that the trial court proceedings did not reflect that Abdul Hameed was represented by any legal counsel at any stage. This violated the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial under Article 21 and the right to be defended under Article 22(1). The Court emphasized that if a trial is conducted in breach of the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial, the conviction stands vitiated.

Explanation

The article states that ISRO provided most of the infrastructure used to design Vikram-1. ISRO is India's premier space agency and has been handholding private players in the space sector.

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because Vikram-1 reached Low Earth Orbit (LEO), not GEO. Statement 2 is correct as the article mentions the sector was opened in 2020. Statement 3 is correct — only US and Chinese private companies had achieved this before Skyroot.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the sector is currently valued at roughly ₹70,000 crore. The government expects it to expand four- to five-fold over the coming decade.

Explanation

The article states that shifting commercial launches to private players would free ISRO to focus on deep-space exploration missions such as Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan, leveraging the growing LEO market handled by private firms.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) is exploring the AI law. Its cyber laws division is tasked with the regulatory analysis. The Ministry of Law and Justice handles legislative drafting but the policy initiative is led by MeitY.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article says the AI law is likely to be presented as a standalone piece of legislation, not under the IT Act. Statement 2 is incorrect: the government has asked two legal experts to submit separate draft liability frameworks, but they are not yet finalised. Statement 3 is correct: building a consent-based framework for synthetically generated media is a key requirement for the AI law.

Explanation

The article explicitly mentions that the IT Ministry is expected to consult the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to set up a regulatory sandbox for AI applications, particularly in high-impact areas like finance and public services.

Explanation

The article highlights that the DPDP Act exempts personal data voluntarily made public by an individual. This means AI platforms can scrape data from public social media profiles without guardrails. The consent-based framework for synthetic content is designed to fill this gap, requiring consent even for publicly available data used to generate AI content like deepfakes.

Explanation

Under the US Atomic Energy Act, the President approves 123 agreements, which are then subject to congressional review. In this news, President Trump approved the agreement with Saudi Arabia.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the deal is expected to last 30 years. Statement 2 is incorrect: the deal allows enrichment only after a joint US-Saudi study, not immediately. Statement 3 is correct: US firms will be involved in developing the programme.

Explanation

The article explicitly states 'The deal is expected to last 30 years'. The other options are plausible distractors but not mentioned in the news.

Explanation

Uranium enrichment is a dual-use technology that can be used for both civilian reactors and nuclear weapons. Allowing Saudi Arabia to enrich raises the risk of a nuclear arms race in the Middle East, especially given regional tensions. The other options are not the primary concern.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) introduced the reforms, including the AI‑based eligibility check. UPSC is a constitutional body under Article 315 of the Constitution.

Explanation

Statement 1 is wrong because AI was used at the application stage, not the interview stage. Statements 2 and 3 are correct as per the article: PwBD can choose centres, and OTR is integrated with Aadhaar and DigiLocker.

Explanation

The article specifically states that AI rejected 569 applications during the CSE 2026 process. Option A is the total appointments since 2014, option C is the Aadhaar opt‑in percentage, and option D is the year.

Explanation

The article explains that OTR enables candidates to register once and access verified documents while applying for different UPSC examinations, reducing repetitive data entry and paperwork.

Explanation

The article mentions that the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) mandated that all rehabilitation and resettlement issues be completed before commissioning of the project. This is a standard environmental clearance condition.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article explicitly says Ken-Betwa is India's first inter-basin river link. Statement 2 is incorrect: the article states the gross storage capacity is 2,853 million cubic metres, not 2,953 (the caption mentions 2,953 but the text confirms 2,853). Statement 3 is correct: the project will irrigate 9.04 lakh hectares. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article states 'The project's resettlement and rehabilitation plan identifies 1,913 affected families across 10 villages, with an estimated population of 8,339.' 8,339 is the population number, not families. The correct answer is 1,913.

Explanation

The article states the project 'aims to transfer water from the Ken to the Betwa basin' and lists irrigation of 9.04 lakh hectares as a key benefit. While hydropower and drinking water are secondary benefits, the core objective is water transfer for irrigation in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region.

Explanation

Pharmexcil (Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council of India) is the apex body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry for promoting pharma exports. ORF and IQVIA are research organizations mentioned in the article, while NAFTA is a trade agreement.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the article states India imposes ~10% duty on US pharma imports. Statement 2 is correct as Indian firms supply 47% of US generics. Statement 3 is incorrect because the tariff will remain 0% for 2 years, then 100% for 1 year, before reaching 200%.

Explanation

The article states the US accounted for 34.5% of India's total pharma exports, valued at USD 10.5 billion. $913.9 million is the value of exports to the UK, and $219 billion is the savings to the US healthcare system.

Explanation

Trump's announcement explicitly stated the plan is to 'RESHORE Generic Pharmaceutical Production into America, with a penalty to those Companies that decide not to build Plant and Equipment within the stated period of time.'

Explanation

Generic medicines are identical or bioequivalent to brand-name drugs in dosage, strength, route of administration, and quality, but are sold without a brand name. They are typically cheaper and are produced after the patent on the original drug expires, as highlighted in the news article.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article states the tariff will be 0% for the first two years starting August 1. Statement 2 is incorrect: the tariff rises to 100% after two years, and then to 200% from the third year onward. Statement 3 is correct: the article explicitly says 'the existing approach to patented, branded and innovative drugs would remain unchanged.' Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article clearly states that India exported pharmaceuticals worth $9.7 billion to the US in 2025. $25.8 billion is India's total global pharma exports, not the figure for the US alone. The other options are close distractors not mentioned in the article.

Explanation

The article quotes a brokerage analyst who explains that many Indian pharma companies have US-based subsidiaries. The tariff would apply to the lower transfer price at which products enter the US rather than the final retail price, reducing the effective cost impact. Options A, B, and D are not supported by the article.

Explanation

The VBSA Bill aims to replace UGC, AICTE, and NCTE with a single 12-member umbrella commission called the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan. This is a major regulatory consolidation in higher education.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the VBSA Bill proposes a 12-member umbrella commission. Statement 2 is correct as it was introduced in December 2025. Statement 3 is incorrect because the government agreed to add a provision requiring state government clearance for key decisions on state university colleges, addressing centralisation concerns.

Explanation

The VBSA Bill proposes three separate councils under the umbrella commission: for regulation, accreditation, and standards-setting. This is a key structural detail for understanding the new regulatory framework.

Explanation

The opposition questioned the increasing centralisation of powers in the VBSA Bill, the sidelining of state representation (decided by the Centre), and the future funding mechanism for public universities. This reflects the federal tension in education policy.

Explanation

The US Secretary of State heads the State Department, which is the federal executive department responsible for foreign affairs and international relations. Marco Rubio, mentioned in the article, is the US Secretary of State.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: Jaishankar met Rubio in Manila on the sidelines of ASEAN and East Asia meetings. Statement 2 is correct: US officials said the interim trade deal is 'almost complete'. Statement 3 is incorrect: Trump announced tariffs on generic medicines would be kept at 0% for two years (not 100%), then raised to 100% in August 2028, and then 200%.

Explanation

US President Trump announced that tariffs on generic medicines will be kept at 0% for two years, then raised to 100% in August 2028, and then to 200% thereafter. The question specifically asks for the rate 'after August 2028', which is 100%.

Explanation

An interim trade deal is a limited-scope agreement aimed at resolving immediate trade issues (tariffs, market access) while negotiations for a more comprehensive trade deal continue. This is distinct from a full FTA or a deal covering all goods.

Explanation

The article states that Hegseth testified during a Senate Appropriations Committee hearing. This committee oversees federal funding allocations, making it the correct body for a supplemental funding request.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as Hegseth said the estimate is $37.5 billion. Statement 2 is incorrect because the article explicitly says the requested funds do not include rebuilding costs. Statement 3 is correct as Senator Shaheen mentioned the $75 billion in unspent funds.

Explanation

Hegseth stated 'The estimate we have as of today is $37.5 billion.' The previous estimate was $29 billion in mid-May. $67 billion is the supplemental request, and $75 billion is the unspent funding.

Explanation

Hegseth said the unspent money was 'otherwise allocated' for President Trump's other priorities such as the 'Golden Dome for America and hypersonics and other munitions investments.' Option A and C are not mentioned; option D is incorrect as rebuilding costs are not covered by the requested funds either.

Explanation

RUCO is a national initiative launched by FSSAI (under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) to collect used cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. While FSDA Karnataka is the state enforcement body, the parent scheme and regulatory oversight rests with FSSAI.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as per article: partially hydrogenated oils are a source of industrial trans fats. Statement 3 is correct - article lists CVD, obesity, metabolic disorders, and reproductive health issues. Statement 2 is incorrect: the WHO called for 'complete elimination' (not reduction to 2%), and India's limit of <2% is a national regulation. Also, the target date was 2023, not 2025.

Explanation

The article explicitly states: 'More than 52,000 food business operators and professionals have been trained on safe food practices and trans-fat regulations.' Option A (45,000) refers to the litres of oil collected, not trained personnel.

Explanation

Repeated use of cooking oil at high temperatures generates harmful trans fats and other toxic compounds. RUCO collects used oil and diverts it for industrial purposes (biodiesel), thereby preventing its re-entry into the food chain and reducing dietary risks of heart disease and other NCDs.

Explanation

The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change that evaluates proposals for diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes, including hydroelectric projects. The National Board for Wildlife deals with wildlife clearance, while the other options are not relevant for forest land diversion.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the white-bellied heron has been Critically Endangered since 2007. Statement 2 is incorrect: the species was first described from the Teesta region but is now locally extinct there. Statement 3 is correct: it is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, offering the highest legal protection. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the Forest Advisory Committee granted in-principle clearance to a 1,200 MW hydroelectric power project on the Lohit River. The other options are plausible distractors but do not match the data.

Explanation

The article explains that the dam will alter the water's turbidity and flow, which is critical for the heron's unique foraging strategy. The heron hunts in shallow water and feeds exclusively on fish. Changes in water conditions will disrupt its ability to catch prey, leading to local extinction. While human disturbance is a factor, the primary mechanism is hydrological alteration.

Explanation

The article states that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) approved Qdenga. WHO prequalification was obtained separately, but the regulatory approval for India was granted by DCGI.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: PPT denies benefits if tax advantage is a principal purpose. Statement 2 is correct: PPT is included under the MLI framework. Statement 3 is incorrect: PPT denies benefits if the arrangement is not consistent with the treaty's object and purpose.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that UNEP and GEF launched the GCMP with a budget of US$ 23.5 million. The other options are close distractors.

Explanation

The article states that the amendment aims to 'eliminate double taxation without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance through treaty-shopping arrangements'. PPT is the tool to achieve this by denying benefits if the principal purpose is tax advantage.

Explanation

President Macron's statement explicitly mentioned that the Constitutional Council must rule on the law before it can be implemented. The National Assembly and Senate are legislative bodies, while the President is the executive head.

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because the ban is phased: new accounts banned from Sept 2026, existing from Jan 2027. Statement 2 is correct: the law has a clause banning mobile phones in high schools. Statement 3 is correct: the European Commission developed an age verification app tested by France and other EU countries.

Explanation

The article clearly states that children under 15 will not be allowed to create new social media accounts from September 1, 2026. Existing accounts will be blocked from January 2027. July 21, 2026 is the date of the vote, and 2027 dates are for existing accounts.

Explanation

President Macron said the law is to 'protect our children online'. Digital Minister stated the reform is driven by 'better protect our children'. The article also mentions France's public health authority warned about negative effects of platforms like TikTok, Snapchat, and Instagram on teens. While EU alignment exists, the primary stated objective is child protection.

Explanation

The article states that Pickaxe Mountain is situated to the south of Iran's Natanz nuclear enrichment facility. Bushehr is a reactor site, Qom is a different facility, and Isfahan is a conversion plant. Natanz is the correct adjacent facility.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article mentions Operation Midnight Hammer (2025) targeted the site but it remained unscathed. Statement 2 is incorrect: ISIS said the facility is 'not yet operational' and construction continues. Statement 3 is correct: the facility sprawls across 2.7 sq km with multiple entrances visible from satellite.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the facility 'sprawls across 2.7 square kilometres in the country’s arid Central Plateau.' The other options are plausible distractors but only 2.7 sq km is correct per the source.

Explanation

The article directly states: 'An attack on the nuclear site might drive Iran’s nuclear operations even deeper underground, completely ending diplomatic oversight and accelerating their pursuit of a weapon.' While Strait of Hormuz closure is a risk, the primary consequence highlighted is the loss of oversight and further deepening of operations.

Explanation

The US argued that Iran's demand threatens the principle of freedom of navigation, a core tenet of UNCLOS that ensures ships can traverse international waters without interference. The article explicitly states Rubio warned about the principle of freedom of navigation.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as per the article. Statement 2 is incorrect; Rubio posted on X that 'The Quad remains a priority.' Statement 3 is correct; the article states Rubio met Jaishankar and they discussed regional issues, the Iran war, and a trade agreement. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article mentions 'three days of talks that started Tuesday (July 21, 2026) in Manila.' Rubio spoke on Wednesday July 22. So the meeting began on July 21. Option B is correct; the other options are close distractors.

Explanation

The article quotes Rubio saying the precedent would repeat in other parts of the world, including the region (Indo-Pacific), referring to the South China Sea disputes. This highlights the link between West Asia instability and maritime security in Asia.

Explanation

The article states that the Full Court of the Madhya Pradesh High Court passed a resolution recommending enhancement of the retirement age of judicial officers from 60 to 62 years. Telangana had previously taken a similar decision.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the Bench comprised CJI Surya Kant and Justices Joymalya Bagchi and V. Mohana. Statement 2 is incorrect — the interim order raises age to 61 years, not 62, and is not applicable across India uniformly; it depends on state consent. Statement 3 is correct: the order allows judicial officers to continue up to 61 years only in states where the state government and High Court agree.

Explanation

The article explicitly states: 'The provision will come into effect from April 1, 2026.' The other options are distractors — July 22 is the date of the order, November 20 refers to a previous interim order for Madhya Pradesh, and January 1 is not mentioned.

Explanation

The article mentions that the bench observed 'differing positions adopted across the country' and put in place an interim mechanism 'pending final outcome'. The court clarified that the substantive legal question (uniform 62 years) would be decided independently later. Options B, C, and D are not supported by the text.

Explanation

The Quad consists of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States. The United Kingdom is not a member. The Quad focuses on ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the meeting occurred in Manila at the 59th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Statement 2 is correct: Jaishankar said 'peace and tranquillity in the border areas is obviously the pre-requisite for normal ties.' Statement 3 is incorrect: no such immediate withdrawal was announced; the meeting focused on normalization steps already taken.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that 'four Indian seafarers were killed in a Russian projectile strike in the Black Sea' near Odesa. This incident prompted Jaishankar to express strong concern to Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov.

Explanation

The Quad's support for ASEAN centrality and AOIP emphasizes a rules-based order and inclusive regional architecture, countering unilateral actions and promoting dialogue. It is not a military alliance or a replacement for the UN, nor does it create a free trade zone.

Explanation

UDISE+ is managed by the Department of School Education & Literacy under the Ministry of Education, as stated in the article. The Ministry of Health handles NFHS, but UDISE+ is an education database.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: women's increase was 5.4 pp and men's 4.4 pp. Statement 2 is false: boys' dropout is 10.9%, higher than girls' 8%. Statement 3 is correct: Goa shows a decline of -6.7 pp in men's attainment. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article states girls' GER is 64.8% and boys' GER is 58.9%, giving a gap of 5.9 percentage points. The other options correspond to the gaps in previous years: 3.8 in 2023-24 and 4.7 in 2024-25.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that in high tourism states like Goa and Ladakh, adolescent boys often find paid work well before completing school, leading to higher dropout. Other options are not supported by the article.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the NHSRCL is implementing the bullet train corridor. While the Ministry of Railways oversees railway projects, NHSRCL is the special purpose vehicle (SPV) specifically created for this high-speed rail project.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the 2×25 kV system is a first in India. Statement 2 is incorrect: the article mentions 31 switching posts, not 14 (14 is the number of traction substations). Statement 3 is correct: 28 seismometers are being installed, with 22 along the corridor and 6 additional inland seismometers in earthquake-prone regions.

Explanation

The article clearly states that 14 traction substations are being constructed – 5 in Maharashtra (Mumbai, Thane, Virar, Boisar, Thane Depot) and 9 in Gujarat (Vapi, Bilimora, Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara, Anand, Mahemdabad, Ahmedabad, Sabarmati Depot). 31 is the number of switching posts, and 16 is the number of distribution substations for stations and signalling.

Explanation

The article states that each traction substation will be equipped with Early Earthquake Detection Seismometers capable of detecting seismic activity and initiating protective actions within seconds to stop trains in case of an earthquake. While data collection is a secondary benefit, the primary objective is safety.

Explanation

The NHPC is the nodal public sector undertaking executing the 500 MW Teesta Stage VI Hydropower Project. The disaster occurred in its Head Race Tunnel (HRT). Sikkim Urja Limited was responsible for the 1,200 MW Chungthang dam that was destroyed in the 2023 GLOF.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the explosion is suspected from methane trapped in rocks, ignited by drilling sparks. Statement 2 is incorrect: Geological Survey of India has identified ~1.4 lakh tonnes of coal reserves in southern Sikkim (Namchi area). Statement 3 is correct: the incident involved the Head Race Tunnel of the Teesta Stage VI project.

Explanation

The article states that Geological Survey of India studies identified coal reserves of approximately 1.40 lakh tonnes in southern Sikkim, primarily the Namchi area where the NHPC tunnel incident occurred. The coal was analysed to contain 53.40% fixed carbon.

Explanation

NHPC officials stated that while comprehensive surveys (topographical, geotechnical, geophysical, etc.) are conducted, no test can detect the presence of colourless and odourless methane gas, which can explode when mixed with air and ignited. This highlights a critical safety gap in Himalayan tunnelling projects.

Explanation

The article mentions that the Commerce Ministry replied to a Lok Sabha question regarding outbound investment from India to the US, which stood at $4.08 billion in FY26.

Explanation

All statements are directly supported by the article. Trump announced the tariff plan, India's export data is mentioned, and Sun Pharma's acquisition of Organon is confirmed as the largest overseas acquisition by an Indian pharma company.

Explanation

The article states that India exported $9.7 billion worth of pharmaceuticals to the US in 2025. The other figures are also mentioned: $94.1 billion is the US import of finished medicines, $213 billion is total US pharmaceutical imports, and $11.8 billion is Sun Pharma's acquisition value.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the tariff threat is designed to 'reshore' generic pharma production in the US. The other options are not mentioned as primary objectives; in fact, tariffs could increase drug prices.

Explanation

NHSRCL is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) jointly owned by the Government of India (Ministry of Railways) and the state governments of Gujarat and Maharashtra, specifically created to implement the Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the article states it is India's first high-speed electrification for 320 kmph operations. Statement 2 is incorrect because out of 14 traction substations, 5 are in Maharashtra and 9 in Gujarat. Statement 3 is correct as 28 seismometers (22 on corridor + 6 inland) are being installed.

Explanation

The article clearly mentions that 14 traction substations are being constructed along the route - 5 in Maharashtra (Mumbai, Thane, Virar, Boisar, Thane Depot) and 9 in Gujarat (Vapi, Bilimora, Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara, Anand, Ahmedabad, Sabarmati Depot). 16 refers to distribution substations, and 28 refers to seismometers.

Explanation

The article states that the 2x25 kV system is 'specifically designed to provide a stable and uninterrupted power supply required for trains operating at very high speeds up to 320 kmph.' Standard 25 kV systems face voltage drop issues at such high speeds, making the 2x25 kV system essential.

Explanation

The article explicitly mentions 'the Supreme Court’s ruling in D K Basu vs. State of West Bengal, the foundational precedent on custodial safeguards.' The other cases are landmark but not related to custodial violence.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the HC acted suo motu. Statement 2 is incorrect: the representation was made on July 14, 2026, not July 22. Statement 3 is correct as the representation alleged violation of Articles 14 and 21. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article states 'Deputy Commissioner of Police Rajdeepsinh Nakum, accompanied by 15 to 20 police personnel.' The other options are close distractors but not mentioned in the news.

Explanation

The representation describes the conduct as a 'blatant violation' of Articles 14 and 21. Article 32 is about remedies, Article 19 about freedoms, Article 22 about arrest protections. The core issue is equality and dignity under Articles 14 and 21.

Explanation

The article explicitly mentions 'Nasa’s Artemis III mission' and refers to the agency multiple times. The Artemis program is a NASA-led initiative for lunar exploration.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article lists Orion, Starship, and Blue Moon as the three spacecraft. Statement 2 is incorrect: the article states Artemis III is an orbital test and that the lunar landing will occur on Artemis IV. Statement 3 is correct: the article mentions Artemis IV is currently targeted for 2028. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article explicitly states: 'Nasa estimates that at least 15 Starship refuelling launches will eventually be required before Starship can carry astronauts from Earth orbit to the lunar surface during Artemis IV.' Hence the correct answer is 15.

Explanation

The article repeatedly states that Artemis III is an orbital test to 'validate the spacecraft and mission procedures' before the lunar landing on Artemis IV. Astronauts will not land on the Moon, nor will a habitat or space station be established. Hence option B is correct.

Explanation

The National Policy on Geothermal Energy 2025 was released by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in September 2025. MNRE is the nodal ministry for all renewable energy sources in India.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the wells are India's first and deepest at 1,000 m. Statement 2 is correct: inaugurated by LG VK Saxena on July 17, 2026. Statement 3 is incorrect: the executing agency is ONGC Energy Centre, not GSI. GSI mapped hot springs but did not execute the wells.

Explanation

The article states that India has an estimated 10.6 GW of geothermal potential, which could rise with further exploration. 17 GW is the global harnessed capacity, and 100 GW is the IEA estimate for India by 2045.

Explanation

The article mentions that geothermal has a utilization rate over 75% (2023) compared to less than 30% for wind and less than 15% for solar PV. It is always available, unlike solar and wind which face intermittency. This makes geothermal suitable for predictable baseload power generation.

Explanation

The article states the meeting took place in Manila on the sidelines of the East Asia Summit and ASEAN Regional Forum meetings. The East Asia Summit is a key regional forum for strategic dialogue.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as per the article: 'Peace and tranquillity in the border areas is obviously the prerequisite for normal ties.' Statement 2 is incorrect: $151.1 billion is the total bilateral trade, not the deficit. The deficit is $112.16 billion. Statement 3 is correct: the article mentions resumption of direct flights, Kailash Manasarovar Yatra, and border trade.

Explanation

The article explicitly states 'bilateral trade touching $151.1 billion' for 2025-26. The other options are close distractors: $112.16 billion is the trade deficit, $19.47 billion is Indian exports, and $136.5 billion is not mentioned.

Explanation

Jaishankar clearly stated that 'peace and tranquillity in the border areas is obviously the prerequisite for normal ties.' This is a nuanced position, not requiring full resolution of disputes, but maintaining border peace. Option A and D go beyond the article's scope; option C is not mentioned as a prerequisite.

Explanation

The Quad comprises India, the United States, Australia, and Japan. South Korea is not a member, though it is a key US ally in the region. The article mentions only these four nations as Quad members.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the joint statement reaffirmed a free and open Indo-Pacific with ASEAN centrality. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Maritime Surveillance Corporation was launched in May 2026, not during this Manila meeting. Statement 3 is correct as the MEA noted that 2026 is the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation.

Explanation

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar represented India at the meeting. Nirmala Sitharaman is the Finance Minister, Rajiv Kumar is the Election Commissioner, and Harsh Vardhan Shringla was the Foreign Secretary. The article explicitly names Jaishankar as the Indian representative.

Explanation

ASEAN centrality means that regional frameworks like the Quad should support and work through ASEAN, not undermine it. This approach counters any single power's dominance (e.g., China) and promotes a rules-based order. The article explicitly states support for ASEAN's 'unity and centrality' and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific.

Explanation

The article states that the Election Commission of India (ECI) conducted the 2002 SIR and decides logical discrepancies. The ECI is the constitutional authority for electoral roll revision, though the CEO oversees implementation at the state level.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the article says door-to-door verification ends August 8. Statement 2 is incorrect because logical discrepancies are decided by the ECI, not the CEO. Statement 3 is correct as per the article: for women whose surname changed, a marriage certificate 'may be sufficient'.

Explanation

The article explicitly mentions that around 27 lakh people were excluded from the voter list in West Bengal because of logical discrepancies and were unable to vote in the 2026 West Bengal Assembly elections.

Explanation

The article explains that the SIR involves mapping voters in the current electoral roll with the 2002 electoral roll to detect logical discrepancies. While adding and removing voters are part of the process, the core purpose is mapping for verification.

Explanation

The article specifically mentions Articles 47 and 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which protect civilians in occupied territories and prohibit destruction of property and permanent structural changes except for military necessity. Geneva Convention I deals with wounded and sick in armed forces, not occupation.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: 23 km of barrier has been built. Statement 2 is incorrect: the article says the barrier separates areas along the Yellow Line but does not claim it covers the entire 45 km; only 23 km has been constructed. Statement 3 is correct: the barrier blocks return of displaced people and deepens the blockade.

Explanation

The article states that Israel has been building a planned 700 km barrier to separate the West Bank from Jerusalem and Israel. Option A is the length of the Yellow Line, option C is the length of the Moroccan Wall in Western Sahara, and option D is the length of the Gaza earthen barrier constructed so far.

Explanation

The article explicitly cites Articles 47 and 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibit permanent structural alterations in occupied territory without absolute military necessity. The barrier is seen as a long-term change, not a temporary measure. The Oslo Accords are not the main legal framework here, and UNCLOS and Resolution 242 are not directly relevant.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that Bab el-Mandeb Strait connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman, while Malacca is in Southeast Asia and Gibraltar connects the Atlantic to the Mediterranean.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as per the article: Houthis have controlled Sanaa since 2014 and are Iran-aligned. Statement 2 is correct: the Saudi-led coalition intervened in 2015. Statement 3 is incorrect because while the strait is 29 km wide, it carries about 12% of global trade, not 5% (5% refers to the oil share). Hence option B.

Explanation

The article states 'Around 12% of global trade usually passes through it.' Option A (5%) is the share of global oil, not total trade. Option D (25%) is the combined risk if both straits are closed.

Explanation

The article specifically mentions that Saudi Arabia was India's third-largest crude supplier in June, accounting for over 7% of imports, and a large share moves through Bab el-Mandeb. Disruption would delay crude shipments and raise import costs, fueling inflation. The other options are not supported by the article.

Explanation

The Houthis control northern Yemen including the coast along the Bab el-Mandeb strait, which is the southern entrance to the Red Sea. The Strait of Hormuz is a separate chokepoint in the Persian Gulf, and the Strait of Malacca is in Southeast Asia. The Suez Canal is to the north of the Red Sea.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article describes the Houthis as 'Iran-aligned' and they control northern Yemen. Statement 2 is correct: Xin Long Yang completed loading 2 million barrels of Saudi crude at Yanbu and was initially headed out of the Red Sea. Statement 3 is incorrect: New Prime turned back off the coast of Oman before entering the Red Sea and did not arrive at Yanbu.

Explanation

According to the article, the smaller tanker Rodos was carrying about 700,000 barrels of Saudi crude bound for India. The other options are close distractors: 2 million barrels is the capacity of Xin Long Yang, and 1 million and 500,000 are not mentioned.

Explanation

The article states that this disruption 'could deepen the strain on energy markets already reeling from the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.' It does not mention Suez Canal closure, halt in Saudi production, or conflict with India. The primary impact is on shipping and energy supply.

Explanation

According to the article, Bab al-Mandeb strait is situated between Yemen and Djibouti and Eritrea, connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. It is 29 km wide at its narrowest point.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct because the article states the Houthis announced a blockade targeting 'only Saudi-linked vessels'. Statement 2 is incorrect; the retaliation was for an attack on Sanaa airport by Saudi Arabia, not the other way. Statement 3 is correct as the article mentions a complete closure would reduce global oil supply by 7%.

Explanation

The article cites Al Jazeera that around 4.1 billion barrels of crude oil and refined products passed through the strait in 2024, about 5% of the total energy supply.

Explanation

The article states that the Houthis announced the blockade 'in retaliation for an attack on Sanaa International Airport last week'. The Houthis blamed Riyadh for breaking a four-year ceasefire. While reducing oil supply is a potential consequence, the stated aim is retaliation.

Explanation

Article explicitly mentions that lawyers see Trump's use of Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as a means to gain leverage over Canada in USMCA negotiations. The other sections are commonly used in US trade actions but are not mentioned in this news.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the 10% global levy expires on Friday, July 24, 2026. Statement 2 is incorrect: new tariffs are 10% or 12.5%, not 15%. Statement 3 is incorrect: the article clearly states that the Canada tariffs 'will not exempt affected Canadian products entering his country under the USMCA.' Hence only statement 1 is correct.

Explanation

According to the article, goods from over 40 other major economies like China, India and Japan face a 12.5% levy. The 10% rate applies to nations found to have taken steps against forced labour (e.g., Canada, EU, Mexico, Taiwan, UK). 25% is for Brazil, 50% for Canada.

Explanation

The article quotes trade lawyers stating that the use of Section 338 'appear(s) to be aimed at encouraging an agreement between Canada and the United States, or in retaliation for the failure to reach such agreement, or both.' It is explicitly linked to USMCA negotiations. The other options are not supported by the article; wildfire smoke was explicitly said to be unrelated, and forced labour tariffs are separate.

Explanation

PMJAY is a flagship health insurance scheme under Ayushman Bharat, managed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The other ministries deal with different sectors.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as MAA is a Rajasthan state scheme. Statement 2 is incorrect because the portability provides access to both government and private hospitals (16,000 govt + 14,000 private). Statement 3 is correct as the article mentions 2,179 treatment packages covering serious conditions like heart disease and cancer.

Explanation

The article clearly states 'Over 5,900 claims amounting to ₹17 crore have been submitted'. The other options are close distractors but not matching the exact data.

Explanation

The article emphasizes that patients can 'access quality medical treatment even outside the State’s boundaries without any financial burden'. The scheme is about patient welfare, not budget reduction or medical tourism.

Explanation

NITI Aayog's portal NGO Darpan lists approximately six lakh voluntary organisations. Of those, only about 14,500 hold active FCRA registration, as noted in the article. NITI Aayog is the nodal body for this database.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: foreign contributions doubled from about ₹10,000 crore to ₹22,000 crore. Statement 2 is incorrect: domestic philanthropy (₹1.18 lakh crore) exceeds foreign inflows by more than five times, not ten times. Statement 3 is correct: the authors advocate raising 80G deduction to 100% and the ceiling to 25%.

Explanation

The Bain–Dasra India Philanthropy Report 2026, cited in the article, puts domestic private philanthropy at ₹1.18 lakh crore per year—more than five times the annual foreign philanthropic inflows of about ₹22,000 crore. The other options are distractors: ₹22,000 crore is the foreign inflow amount, and ₹40,000 crore is the CSR spend.

Explanation

The article argues that domestic philanthropy creates not just money but ownership, governance, and accountability. By moving from reliance on foreign funding to domestic giving (families, entrepreneurs, citizens), India can strengthen its social contract and non-profit sector governance. The other options misinterpret the article's balanced approach—it doesn't call for a ban on foreign funding or a change in CSR caps.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the board was constituted on June 29 under Section 215B of the Motor Vehicles Act. This is a statutory provision that came into force with rules notified in September 2021.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the board was constituted under Section 215B of the Motor Vehicles Act, making it a statutory body. Statement 2 is incorrect because the board has only an advisory role, not regulatory powers to prescribe standards or conduct audits (those were features of the earlier Sundar Committee proposal). Statement 3 is correct as mentioned in the article that the board comprises experts and officials from Union and State governments. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article repeatedly mentions that road accidents claimed 1,77,175 lives in 2024, as per the latest Road Accidents in India report of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The other options are close distractors with slight numerical variations.

Explanation

The article highlights that the board is under mandatory duty to advise, but authorities receiving that advice are under no equally clear duty to respond. This advisory nature is seen as a weakness compared to earlier proposals for a stronger regulatory body with powers to prescribe standards and enforce compliance.

Explanation

The article explicitly states 'under Section 301' regarding the forced labour investigation. Section 301 allows the US to impose tariffs or other restrictions on countries engaging in unfair trade practices.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: imports from China rose 21.8% in H1 2026. Statement 2 is correct: trade deficit with China in 2025 was $116 billion. Statement 3 is incorrect because the article says exports rose 37.2% 'on a small base', not a large base. Hence option C.

Explanation

The article states: 'The overall trade deficit increased in 2025 to $120 billion from $94 billion in 2024.' The other options are distractors: $94 billion is the 2024 figure, $116 billion is the China trade deficit, and $67 billion is the China trade deficit in H1 2026.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that by investigating forced labour, 'the U.S. is seeking to create a bottleneck to extract concession.' It argues that low wages in the developing world are due to weak bargaining power, not coercion, and that the real intention is to pressure India in trade negotiations.

Explanation

The Registrar General of India (RGI) under the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal authority for conducting the Census as per the Census Act, 1948. The article mentions RGI grappling with caste enumeration methodology.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the article says nearly 46.7 lakh distinct caste names were recorded. Statement 2 is incorrect: the Union government withheld the raw caste data. Statement 3 is correct: the article states the last comprehensive caste census was in 1931.

Explanation

The article specifies that the final dataset contained nearly 46.7 lakh distinct caste names. Option A (4,147) is the number of castes recorded in the 1931 census, a distractor. Options C and D are close but incorrect figures.

Explanation

The article states that the RSS believes a drop-down menu based on existing caste lists would effectively reinforce the caste architecture institutionalised during British rule. The other options are not mentioned in the article.

Explanation

The article states that the Philippines assumed the ASEAN Chairship for 2026 under the theme 'Navigating Our Future, Together'. ASEAN chairmanship rotates annually among member states, and for 2026 it is the Philippines.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the Quad FMs met on the margins of ASEAN-related meetings. Statement 2 is incorrect: the Maritime Surveillance Corporation focuses on the Indo-Pacific, not the Atlantic Ocean. Statement 3 is correct: 2026 is the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation. Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article mentions that in May this year (2026), the Quad Foreign Ministers met in Delhi and decided to launch the Indo-Pacific Maritime Surveillance Corporation and other initiatives.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the Quad decided to launch the Indo-Pacific Maritime Surveillance Corporation, expanding maritime domain awareness and enhancing port infrastructure in Fiji. This is a strategic move to counter China's influence in the region.

Explanation

The research was conducted by IISc Bengaluru in collaboration with MS Ramaiah Medical College, as clearly stated in the article.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the study used a 3D co-culture platform. Statement 2 is incorrect: LFU does not generate heat; HIFU does. Statement 3 is correct: lower Tropomyosin 2.1 levels cause vulnerability to mechanical forces.

Explanation

A 2024 study in Oral Oncology stated that Indians have a five-year survival rate of 50%, compared to 68% in developed nations.

Explanation

The article explicitly states HIFU generates heat to ‘burn’ cells with side effects, while LFU uses mechanostimulation without heat, making it a safer alternative for superficial cancers.

Explanation

The article mentions that a senior Cooperation Department official provided details about the scheme. The Cooperation Department is the nodal department for implementing this state-level farm loan waiver in Maharashtra.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the scheme waives crop loans up to Rs 2 lakh. Statement 2 is correct: the government shared the list of probable beneficiaries with the Income Tax department to exclude income tax payers. Statement 3 is incorrect: the scheme was approved by the state Cabinet on June 2, 2026, not July 5.

Explanation

The article states that the government has estimated around 56 lakh farmers will benefit at a cost of Rs 36,585 crore. ₹20,000 crore is the amount provided through supplementary demands, not the total scheme cost.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the government is determined to avoid a repeat of the Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana controversy, where benefits were disbursed before large-scale eligibility verification, leading to removal of lakhs of ineligible beneficiaries.

Explanation

The article explicitly states that the Philippines is the country coordinator in further strengthening the India-ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. The conference was co-chaired by EAM Jaishankar and Philippine Foreign Secretary Enrique A. Manalo.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: Jaishankar said the world is 'extremely turbulent' and no single nation or grouping can handle it alone. Statement 2 is incorrect: the theme was 'Navigating Our Future Together', not 'Strengthening Strategic Partnership'. Statement 3 is correct: 2026 is the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation.

Explanation

Jaishankar stated that India and ASEAN together account for 2 billion people. This demographic heft underscores the strategic importance of the partnership for regional stability and economic growth.

Explanation

Jaishankar explicitly stated that 'it is only through deeper cooperation that we can de-risk and diversify.' He linked this to visible stress on supply chains, energy, food, and health security, making supply chain resilience the core strategic rationale.

Explanation

AISHE is an annual survey conducted by the Ministry of Education to collect data on higher education institutions and enrolment across India. The Ministry of Education replaced the earlier MHRD in 2020 and oversees both school and higher education.

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct as the article states 'inexplicable decline in the total number of students enrolled in undergraduate courses across the country' for the first time. Statement 2 is incorrect because male enrolment declined by 2.2% while female enrolment increased by 1.8%. Statement 3 is correct as the article mentions 'particularly in States such as West Bengal, Maharashtra and U.P.' Hence option C is correct.

Explanation

The article clearly states that 'The enrolment of male students dropped by 2.2% between 2022-23 and 2023-24'. The 1.8% figure corresponds to the increase in female enrolment, while the other percentages are distractors not mentioned in the news.

Explanation

The decline in enrolments raises concerns about the NEP 2020's goal of achieving a 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education by 2035. It suggests that factors such as economic pressures or lack of employability may be deterring students. The other options are speculative or not directly supported by the news article.